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Demand (psychoanalysis)
In the theory of Jacques Lacan, demand ((フランス語:demande)) represents the way instinctive desires are inevitably alienated through the effects of language on the human condition.〔A. Lemaire, ''Jacques Lacan'' (1979) p. 165〕 The concept of demand was developed by Lacan in parallel to those of need and desire to account for the role of speech on human aspirations.〔(Gabriel Balbo, "Demand" )〕 Demand forms part of Lacan's battle against the approach to language acquisition favored by ego psychology, and makes use of Kojeve's theory of desire.〔David Macey, "Introduction", Jacques Lacan, ''The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis'' (London 1994) p. xxviii〕 Demand is not a Freudian concept.〔
==Language acquisition==
For Lacan, demand is the result of language acquisition on physical needs - the individual's wants are automatically filtered through the alien system of external signifiers.〔Alan Sheridan, "Translator's Note", Lacan, ''Four'' p. 278〕
Where traditionally psychoanalysis had recognised that learning to speak was a major step in the ego's acquisition of power over the world,〔Otto Fenichel, ''The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis'' (London 1946) p. 46〕 and celebrated its capacity for increasing instinctual control,〔Selma H. Fraiberg, ''The Magic Years'' (New York 1987) p. 133-4 and p. 115〕 Lacan by contrast stressed the more sinister side of man's early submergence in language.
He argued that "demand constitutes the Other as already possessing the 'privilege' of satisfying needs", and that indeed the child's biological needs are themselves altered by "the condition that is imposed on him by the existence of the discourse, to make his need pass through the defiles of the signifier".〔Jacques Lacan, ''Ecrits: A Selection'' (London 1997) p. 286 and p. 264〕 Thus even in speaking one's demands, the latter are altered; and even when they are met, the child finds that it no longer wants what it thought it wanted.〔Stuart Schneiderman, ''Returning to Freud'' (New York 1980) p. 5〕
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